- Patricians lived in villas - private houses in the Bay of Naples
- Plebeians lived in Subura - tightly packed neighborhood
- The Gracchus Brothers - Tiberius and Gaius
- Argued it was unfair that the plebeians had family members fighting for Rome, but the Patricians were the ones benefitting from Roman expansion
- They are both assassinated - first political assassinations within the city of Rome, but not the last.
- Marius and Sulla
- Marius is involved in the social war - problem between patricians + plebes.
- Sent to go put down the uprisings about land rights
- Social War - beginning of 1st century.
- Buildup of troops loyal to specific generals.
- First Civil War - between Marius's army and Sulla's army.
- Sulla is going to march to Rome, and Marius has to defend Rome.
- Sulla wins, and Marius has to flee.
- Julius Caesar - the dominant political figure of the first century
- Born in 100 BC - dies in 44 BC
- From a family with a glorious past - the Julii
- He runs for the Senate
- Consuls are sent to govern one of the Roman provinces
- Portugal, Spain, France, Italy, Romania
- Patricians get votes by being friends with other patricians
- Caesar decides to become popular with the people of Rome
- Two political parties
- Optimares - the patricians
- Populares - Caesar's party
- Caesar wins the election, and many of the senators don't like this.
- The second consul is the opposite of him politically
- Instead of sending him somewhere nice, they send him to Gaul (France)
- He conquers all of France and up into southern Britannia.
- The people are excited about Caesar, and the senators are getting nervous.
- Roman Senate passes a condemnation of Caesar - his battles in Gaul were illegal because they were done without the authority of the Roman senate.
- They request that he come back to stand trial in Rome.
- Either he goes back to Rome and faces an unfair trial, or he can go back to Rome with his army and start a civil war.
- Caesar crosses the Rubicon with his army to start a civil war.
- "The di has been cast"
- Senators find out that Caesar is coming, they go crazy and they evacuate the city.
- Pompey becomes the hero of the Senate
- Civil War - one side led by Caesar, the other side led by Pompey
- Caesar had great respect for Pompey
- They fight throughout the Mediterranean
- Final battle - Battle of Pharsalus
- Caesar's right hand man - Mark Antony
- Pompey is decapitated when he arrives in Egypt.
- Caesar is unhappy about this because it was a sign of disrespect toward a Roman general
- Caesar creates an alliance with Egypt.
- Caesar and Cleopatra have an affair
- Caesar goes back to Rome and is greeted as a hero; named dictator for life.
- Senators get nervous and plot to assassinate him
- Brutus was a young friend of Caesar - betrays Caesar
- Octavian
- Caesar's nephew
- Heir to throne when Caesar died.
- In his will, Caesar adopts him as his son.
- He swears revenge; defeats the Tyrannicides
- Second Triumvirate - Octavian, Mark Antony, and Lepidus
- Spilt up the Roman Empire amongst themselves
- Mark Antony and Cleopatra go to war with Octavian.
- Battle of Actium - Octavian + Agrippa defeat Antony + Cleopatra
- Antony and Cleopatra commit suicide
- Octavian becomes the sole power in Rome
- Senate declares Octavian as Augustus
- First emperor of Rome - immense power, republic is over.
- Julio-Claudian Dynasty
- Augustus, Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, Nero
- Pax-Augusti - peace of Augustus
- Other heirs were bad rulers
- Suetonius
- The Emperors themselves have complete control over the government system.
- Principate - the first era of the Empire.
- Augustus presents himself as a god.
- Romans carried standards with gold emblems on them - SPQR
- Political Propaganda
- Augustus 31 - 14
- Did not leave an heir.
- Wife - Livia had a son from a previous marriage
- Family name - Claudius
- Tiberius 14 - 37
- Caligula - A NUTCASE! 37 - 41
- Had an affair with his sister
- Tried to get his horse named a senator
- Had people murdered for no reason
- Claudius 41 - 54
- Didn't do much
- Did not want to be emperor
- Nero 54 - 68
- NUTCASE!
- Burned down part of Rome because he wanted to build a park
- The Golden House and a giant statue of himself
- Forced to commit suicide - "the world has lost a great artist."
- Vespasian 69 - 79
- Thought Nero was a nutcase
- Strict, military style
- Good at restoring order in the empire.
- State Gods - temple built in their honor and taxes collected to build them
- All sorts of religion in Rome - people from all over the world.
- "It appears that I am about to become a god"
- Titus 79 - 81
- Vespasian Amphitheatre - the Coliseum
- Arch of Titus - dedicated to Titus
- Has his men sack Jerusalem and destroy the temple
- Temple Mount - Jewish foundation with the Islamic mosque built on top.
- Domitian 81 - 96
- Nerva 96 - 98
- Trajan 98 - 117
- Hadrian 117 - 138
- Antoninus Pius 138 - 161
- Marcus Aurelius 161 - 180
- Nerva
- Starts the practice of choosing who his heir is going to be rather than having to be a blood relative
- Trajan
- Military genius of Roman history
- Campaigns against Dacians
- Trajan's Column
- Expands empire
- Hadrian
- Unlike any other emperor
- He was a philosopher, architect, statesmen, writer, traveler
- First Roman emperor not to be from Italy, he was from Spain
- He had a beard because of Greek philosophers
ENDS JULIO-CLAUDIAN EMPIRE.
Age of Good Emperors:
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