Friday, January 29, 2010

Is change a good thing or a bad thing?


Throughout history, people and cultures have changed and developed, and these growths have really helped the world’s people. Civilizations have developed form nomadic peoples who had to hunt for their food to civilized cultures with many inventive technologies. By learning how to adapt and become more efficient, people have been able to grow and become much more developed. Even today, there continues to be beneficial change. For example, new technologies are constantly helping nations develop and grow. New medicines are being invented that are saving many lives all the time. Change has helped humans adapt and develop in the past and still in the present. Because of this positive development, I think that change is a very good thing.

In very early history, the Paleolithic ages, the people were nomadic hunters and gatherers that followed their food wherever it went because this was the only way they would have anything to eat. Because of this lifestyle, only those among strongest and fastest of the group would catch their game. Therefore, they were always superior to the rest of the group and would always have more food. All they could really do with their time was hunt and try to find food, and as a result they did not have any time to do other things like develop new and helpful technologies. In order to develop, these people would need to change their nomadic lifestyle.

A very important change that took place was when people started to actually settle down and stay in one place. This is when the people started to form civilizations and cities. The people tended to settle where there was water readily available because it was needed for them to survive. Instead of having to hunt and kill all of their food, they started to farm and grown crops. Agriculture and farming became very important to them. Also, the people began to domesticate animals and use them for labor and other things. The animals were helpful with farm work, and they could also be killed and used for food. Farming and animal domestication is what ultimately allowed the people to settle down and stop following their food. Because of this, the people had more time to develop not only new and helpful technologies, but also culture and religion.

The technologies they developed, such as the ox-drawn plow helped them become even more efficient at farming and irrigation. They also found new ways to use and access the water they needed for their crops and for bathing and drinking. In addition to this, the people started to express themselves through art. This helped them to form their own cultural identities. Also, now that the people lived in permanent cities, they were able to start organized religion and practices. They could not perform rituals and worship their gods together in an organized way. When they were nomadic, they were not able to do this. There were also other great benefits to the people settling down and turning to agriculture. There were opportunities for all the people in the group, not just the fastest and the strongest. These were the ones who benefitted most before, but now everybody could have their own professions.

There were now both farmers and hunters, and they each wanted each other’s goods. This is how the civilizations started the idea of trade. The farmers needed meet and animals from the hunters, and the hunters needed crops like barley and wheat from the farmers. They didn’t only trade goods; they could also trade things like services and labor. The more the people and the civilizations developed, the more they traded and they began to actually specialize in certain things. The man that could grow the most wheat, for example, would have a lot of people who wanted to trade with him. As a result, he would have a lot more goods than some of the other people. Trading was a very important and beneficial change that happened when people settled into civilizations.

Another important new development that occurred after the people settled down was the invention of a government. The people began to have disputes and conflicts, so they needed to form laws and an official government. This helped them to resolve their conflicts and avoid any disputes. Established government developed even more and was a very useful change that still greatly affects us today. The settling down of the nomadic people to form new and permanent civilizations was the start of the Neolithic age, or new age, and it brought about many new and beneficial changes. It allowed them to start agricultural lives, which led to establishment of trade. This let them be able to specialize in a certain area of farming or hunting. This age helped the people develop new technologies, as well as cultures and religions. There were very many beneficial changes that took place during this time that helped the people to develop and form the basis for civilized societies. This shows that change is very good for development of the world’s people because it helps make their way of life easier, better, and more efficient.

Change did not only occur in the past when civilizations were just forming, it also occurs today and helps our nations continue to develop. For example, new advanced technologies like computers and the internet has helped people throughout the whole world become more connected. The idea of trade has also developed even more because nations all over the world can now trade their goods. Also some countries are much more developed than others, but because everything is globally connected now, countries that are less developed will be able to catch up to the more developed ones. Also, there are so many new technologies that have been developed that can help jobs become more efficient or even save somebody’s life. These are all benefits from changes that have occurred relatively recently, and even more changes and developments occur all the time. So much great development has come from changes in history that have helped the world’s people, and they all show that change is definitely a good thing.

Theories of History


History is the study of the human past; the events that happened in the past have had a big impact in shaping the future. It is an important study because it helps us to see more clearly the events that have molded the world and its people. By viewing and studying different events and conflicts from the past, we can learn from them and build on them. Historians study the past and by seeing mistakes that were made by former civilizations, leaders, and nations, they can help prevent the same things from happening again. They can also see past actions and events that have had positive impacts on societies and they can use this to help to build a better future for the world’s people. If we did not study history, many mistakes from the past would be repeated again and we would not learn from them.

There are four main theories of history, and each one presents a different approach to viewing history and understanding what it really is. These include linear history, cyclic history, vortextual history, and the Hegelian theory of history. Linear history is just a chronological order of events, while cyclic history theorizes that forces for human actions always come and go in a cycle. The behavior of vortextual history is similar to cyclic history because its theory is that events in history constantly go through a cycle of large-scale and small-scale. The final theory of history and the one that I believe to be true is the Hegelian theory. This theory says that thesis plus antithesis is equal to synthesis. In other words, every event that occurs impacts the events that come next. The thesis is the first event, and it proposes a new idea, and the antithesis is the reaction to the thesis. The synthesis is the conclusion of the conflict and it proposes another new idea. This process is what Hegel calls a “dialect.” If one single event history had happened differently, everything that has happened subsequently would also be different. I believe that this theory is the most prevalent because of the idea of cause and effect; every action affects the next, and every event that occurs is based on the previous.

The Hegelian theory of History is more valuable than the other theories, but it does not completely disagree with all of the others, and they support some of its ideas. Linear history does not disagree with Hegel’s idea because he theorized that each event or problem is affected by the previous, but the events still have to occur in a chronological order. Therefore, linear history can actually support Hegel’s theory of history. Though linear history does not agree with all of theories and is not the most valuable theory, it does not disagree with and can actually support the Hegelian philosophy of history.

The idea of cyclic history is basically the opposite of linear history, but it can also relate to Hegel’s ideas. This theory says that human history comes and goes in a continuous cycle that did not have a definite birth or death, and neither happened before the other. In a similar way, Hegel’s thesis, antithesis, and synthesis continues in a cycle. The thesis presents the event, followed by the antithesis, and the synthesis poses a new idea and starts this cycle over again. The idea of cyclic history may be different than the Hegelian theory, but the two theories do share some similar ideas in the sense that events occurs in a cycle.

The theory of vortextual history portrays history as a gyre or a funnel, but it also shows history as having cyclical behavior. The idea is that history is like a gyre because the events in a cycle from very large-scale to small-scale, and then back to large and so on. This theory can tie together with the Hegel philosophy because of the chain of cause and effect. Each large or small event is caused by the event before it; small events are affected by large events, and large events can be influenced by smaller events. This pattern continues in a cycle, so it is similar to cyclic history. For this reason, the vortex theory of history is not in disagreement with Hegel’s philosophy.

For these reasons, I believe the Hegelian theory of history is the most valuable. Some of the other theories clash completely, like cyclic and linear history. However, Hegel’s theory shares a similar idea and does not fully disagree with the other theories and therefore is the best theory for understanding history.

Hegel history is the best theory compared to the others, but what exactly does this theory say? The Hegel philosophy of history was established by Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel. He provided his own new ideas that helped people to understand how history works. His main idea was the theory of action and reaction, thesis and antithesis. He greatly stressed the importance of the reaction, or the antithesis. If an event occurred and there was no reaction, there would be no purpose to go on. The antithesis is what keeps the events going. Without the antithesis, there would be no synthesis and no new thesis. Without any opposition to the event or action, there is no problem or conflict to work out, and there only empty existence. The sequence of a thesis, antithesis, and synthesis is what Hegel called a dialect. For example, if a new law is passed (thesis), there will be people who break it (antithesis). This is the thesis and the antithesis. The outcome, or synthesis, would be that those people will be punished, and this starts the action and reaction process again. This philosophy provides a great understanding of how history works, and Hegel’s ideas make a lot of sense.

History is a very important study that helps us learn from the past and shape the future. The four theories all provide different views to understanding history: linear, cyclic, vortextual, and Hegelian. The far superior one is Hegel’s philosophy of history. His does not disprove or greatly contradict any of the other theories. His ideas are very logical because he theorizes that an event plus the opposition to the event result in the outcome of the problem that poses a new event.

Agricultural Revolution Notes

  1. Paleolithic - old stone age
    • Nomads - hunter/gatherers
    • The fastest, strongest, best hunter would always catch the food.

  2. Mesolithic - middle stone age
  3. Neolithic - NEW stone age
    • Three things start to come together: People planting crops, staying in one location, and domesticating animals.
    • People start to make ART.
    • Mesopotamia
      • Jericho was the first city to be developed.
      • People moved closer to the water and settled.
    • Farmers and hunters could trade the goods they specialize in.
    • They needed a government and laws to work out conflicts and tension.
    • The City of Ur was home to the goddess Nanna
      • The Ziggurat of Ur - a great temple
        • Shows that organized practices and beliefs developed when people settled down

Wednesday, January 27, 2010

Theories of History Notes

    What is history?

    History is the things that happened in the past that help to shape the future. Its only purpose is so that we can learn from it.

  1. Linear History is the sequence and order of events in the past
  2. Cyclic History is a theory which dictates that the major forces that motivate human actions return in a cycle. Neither birth nor death happened first.
  3. Hegelian Theory of History
  4. Thesis + Antithesis = Synthesis

    Event 1 John, strongest kid in class, doesn't tie his shoes + Event 2 John picks on group of kids, bullying them. = Event 3 John chases the kids, but slips out of his shoe.

    Event 1 John sprains his ankle + Event 2 John gets jumped on the way home from school = Event 3 John tries to run, hurting his ankle even more.

    Event 1 John's mother takes him to the doctor. + Event 2 Doctor says that John's ankle is now broken. = Event 3 John gets a cast and has to use crutches, so he can't bully the kids anymore.

  5. Vortex/Vortextual History
  6. Yeats - History is like a gyre in the sense that there are events that go big and then small

    Cyclical behavior (big, small, big small), but the events are always changing.

The Importance of Water to the Ancient People


Water was very important to the people of the ancient world because it provided them with the necessities for life. It allowed them to have drinking water and bathing water. It was also necessary for civilizations to settle down because it allowed them to start agricultural systems. It helped them with growing and irrigation of crops. This is why ancient cities and civilizations were all formed around a major body of water or river, because it was necessary for them to thrive. Jericho, the first city in the world, was successful because it was located near accessible water. Today, most cities are located around water because a civilization cannot be successful and survive without water.


http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vie/Jericho.html

Tuesday, January 26, 2010

A New Invention..


If I did discover an new invention that could help millions of people, I would choose to act immediately, rather than wait three months and get rich. This is because new inventions and technologies help civilizations to develop, in history and still today. One new invention can help the people become more efficient, and it can even be a matter of life and death, such as with the inventions of new medicines. Inventions lead to even more inventions and technologies that will continue to help the people, and it doesn't really matter that one person gets rich from the invention, just that it helps the people. For example, the invention of steel in Europe allowed the people to build stronger and more sturdy swords and armor, and therefore they had an advantage to other civilizations throughout the world. This invention really helped them in conquering the New World because the people there did not have this technology. It does not matter exactly who the inventor of steel was, but the invention helped the people develop and expand. For these reasons, if I made a new invention, I would want to share it with the people right away so they could benefit from it.

http://www.pbs.org/gunsgermssteel/variables/steel.html

Monday, January 25, 2010

Megaliths

Megaliths are large stone structures from prehistoric times. They were one of the first forms of architecture, and they were significant to the culture of the ancient civilizations. The people used these structures for rituals and other things. They were very important to the people because it helped them develop their cultures.

The Significance of Agriculture

Agriculture played a significant part in the development of society and civilizations. They first began to settle in Europe in 5500 B.C. They no longer had to hunt and gather their food, so they were able to settle down in one place and form civilizations. As they developed, they were able to create new technologies that helped them become more efficient, such as the ox-drawn plow in 3000 B.C. Agriculture allowed ancient people to settle down and form permanent civilizations, which was vital to the development and growth of their populations.

Wednesday, January 20, 2010

Hegelian Theory of History

Thesis + Antithesis = Synthesis

Event 1 John, strongest kid in class, doesn't tie his shoes +
Event 2 John picks on group of kids, bullying them. =
Event 3 John chases the kids, but slips out of his shoe.

Event 1 John sprains his ankle +
Event 2 John gets jumped on the way home from school =
Event 3 John tries to run, hurting his ankle even more.

Event 1 John's mother takes him to the doctor. +
Event 2 Doctor says that John's ankle is now broken. =
Event 3 John gets a cast and has to use crutches, so he can't bully the kids anymore.